Historic preservation: a new culture in old worlds? ("Managing monuments as a national resource") Yudhishthir Raj Isar, Director The Aga Khan Program -for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This short paper poses an ingenuous question: is not historic preservation itself a "new" culture in the "old" world of non-Western societies? This perverse play on the metaphor in the title of the VIII ICOMOS International Symposium - "Old Cultures in New Worlds" - has been inspired by the precarity of heritage conservation as a system of values, a mobilizing ideology, in the so-called Third World, a precocity I have been freer to observe in my present position than in a previous professional incarnation. My present responsibilities have in effect brought me into closer contact with the broader debate on some of the sociological factors affecting the conservationist enterprise than did my hortatory mission as an international civil servant. While something more than lip service is undoubtedly paid to the safeguard of highly symbolic "monuments" in most countries, the record is significantly poorer in the conservation, rehabilitation and re-use of entire historic quarters, in the maintenance of a dynamic between the old and the new in the built environment of our towns and cities. Yet broad societal participation in historic preservation conceived in such environment conscious terms is one of the characteristic features of "modernity" in the cultures of Europe and North America. It is this widely shared urge to preserve that has been responsible for the success of historic conservation efforts in these countries.  It's absence in the Third World may be another sign of the deep cultural divisions between traditional and modern sub-cultures, of the contrast between the values of a small elite that has been socialized in the "specific, universal and pragmatic orientations which typify "modern" culture" as opposed to the patterns of tradition to which the vast majority remainstied.1 It suggests that the champions and practitioners of historic preservation in any of these would be protagonists of social, political and economic change,1 This opposition has been . developed in political science literature. See Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Development Approach, Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1966, p.72906

somewhat awash in models, norms and procedures whose applicability in non-Western contexts is increasingly open to question. Indeed the limited scope o-f preservation efforts spearheaded by rather small segments o-f the various national intelligentsias contradicts the optimistic rhetoric that characterizes the discourse of the preservation movement. The contradiction stares us in the face at every level. Suffice it to consider here how little response there has been at the national level, to the majority of Unesco's international campaigns for the safeguard of monumental edifices or ensembles that are considered highly representative of national history and identity and of "outstanding value to mankind." When even such properties garner so limited a degree of popular support then perhaps we are justified in questioning the very terms in which the cause is outlined.In this perspective, the essentially sociological questions posed below have a bearing on both national and international resource mobilization for preservation in these countries.  What are these questions?

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